We do not solve the problems we have; we solve the problems we understand.

Which means that there are a lot of problems that we do not solve. Either because we do not engage with them, or because we misunderstand them and make them worse. Sometimes the problems are technically complicated, but more often they are complex. In complex problems, several problems interact and impact each other, and solving one problem just leads to other problems elsewhere.

We need to change our perspective. We need education that allows us to deal with complexity and we need bildung that allows us to be emotionally comfortable about it.

By Lene Rachel Andersen

Introduction to Lene Rachel Andersen

Lene Rachel Andersen is a Danish philosopher, author, and educator whose work explores the intersection of culture, complexity, education, and human development. She emphasizes the importance of understanding complexity in a rapidly changing world and advocates for educational systems that foster emotional intelligence, ethical reasoning, and holistic thinking. Andersen’s philosophy is deeply rooted in the concept of Bildung, a German idea of self-cultivation and moral development that goes beyond conventional education. Her works encourage individuals to grow emotionally, intellectually, and ethically, equipping them to navigate the complexities of modern society.

Andersen’s thought-provoking article, “We do not solve the problems we have; we solve the problems we understand,” challenges traditional problem-solving paradigms. She argues that our ability to solve problems is constrained by our understanding of them, leading to the neglect of complex issues that require deeper insight. This concept serves as a foundation for exploring how emotional comfort, epistemology, and organizational structures can enhance our problem-solving capabilities. Her philosophy invites us to rethink education, leadership, and personal growth to create a more resilient and adaptable society. Lene Rachel Andersen is a Danish philosopher and author whose work focuses on the intersection of culture, complexity, and human development. Her insights on education, emotional intelligence, and societal transformation are deeply influential. One of her most thought-provoking ideas is encapsulated in her article, “We do not solve the problems we have; we solve the problems we understand.” This concept reveals a fundamental truth about human problem-solving: the scope of our solutions is limited by our understanding of the problems themselves.

Understanding of the Problem

Understanding a problem is the cornerstone of effective problem-solving. We often assume that we know what a problem is without fully grasping its complexity or underlying causes. This superficial understanding leads to superficial solutions that fail to address the root of the issue. In her article, Andersen highlights that we only solve the problems we understand, which implies that many of the challenges we face remain unresolved simply because we do not fully engage with them.

To truly understand a problem, we must go beyond the surface-level symptoms and explore the interconnected factors that influence it. This requires a holistic approach that considers historical, cultural, social, and emotional dimensions. It also involves questioning our assumptions and biases, which often cloud our perception of the problem. By embracing curiosity and critical thinking, we can cultivate a deeper understanding of the issues we face, enabling us to develop more effective and sustainable solutions.

One effective strategy is to involve diverse perspectives in problem analysis. Different people bring different experiences and insights, which can illuminate aspects of the problem that might otherwise be overlooked. This collaborative approach not only enhances our understanding but also fosters creativity and innovation in problem-solving. We do not solve the problems we have; we solve the problems we understand. This means that many problems remain unresolved because we either fail to engage with them or misunderstand them, which can make them worse. The distinction between technical and complex problems is crucial. Technical problems have defined solutions, whereas complex problems involve interconnected factors that influence each other. Addressing one aspect of a complex problem can create new challenges elsewhere. Therefore, understanding the true nature of a problem is the first step toward effective problem-solving.

Misunderstanding Makes It Worse

Misunderstanding a problem is not merely an obstacle; it is a risk that can lead to unintended consequences and exacerbate the issue. When we misinterpret the nature of a problem, we often deploy solutions that address the wrong aspects or even make the situation worse. In complex systems, where multiple variables are interconnected, such misunderstandings can create a domino effect, triggering new problems elsewhere.

A common reason for misunderstanding is the tendency to oversimplify complexity. We crave simplicity and predictability, leading us to reduce multifaceted problems to linear cause-and-effect scenarios. However, complex problems are rarely linear. They involve feedback loops, interdependencies, and emergent behaviors that cannot be fully understood through reductionist thinking.

To avoid misunderstanding, we must learn to embrace complexity without fear. This involves shifting from a deterministic mindset to a systems-thinking approach. Systems thinking encourages us to look at the relationships between components rather than isolating them. It also requires humility — accepting that no single person or discipline can fully understand the complexity of the world. By fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration and open communication, we can reduce the risk of misunderstanding and develop more effective solutions. Misunderstanding a problem can lead to misguided solutions that exacerbate the issue. In complex systems, where multiple elements interact dynamically, a superficial understanding can trigger a chain reaction of unintended consequences. Often, we approach problems with preconceived notions or biases, leading us to address symptoms rather than root causes. The key to avoiding this pitfall is cultivating a deep, nuanced understanding of the problem’s context and dynamics.

Complexity and Complex Problems

Complexity is not just about complicated details; it is about interconnectedness, unpredictability, and dynamic change. Complex problems are those that cannot be neatly defined or solved using traditional linear methods because they involve multiple interdependent elements that influence each other in unpredictable ways. These problems are often found in social systems, environmental issues, organizational dynamics, and technological ecosystems.

A key characteristic of complex problems is that solving one aspect can create new issues elsewhere, known as “secondary problems.” For example, in software engineering, fixing a bug in one module might introduce new bugs in another due to hidden dependencies. In social systems, a policy change intended to solve one issue may inadvertently exacerbate another due to cultural or economic feedback loops.

Navigating complexity requires adaptive thinking, flexibility, and a willingness to experiment. Unlike complicated problems, which can be solved by experts with specialized knowledge, complex problems require collaborative approaches that draw on diverse perspectives and experiences. Effective problem-solvers in complex domains do not seek definitive answers but instead aim for continuous learning and iterative improvement.

To address complex problems, we must cultivate a mindset that is comfortable with ambiguity and change. This includes embracing paradoxes, recognizing that solutions are temporary and context-dependent, and being open to evolving our understanding as new information emerges. Developing this mindset requires emotional resilience and intellectual humility, as well as a deep appreciation for the interconnectedness of systems. Complex problems are characterized by interconnectedness and unpredictability. Unlike complicated problems, which are linear and solvable through systematic approaches, complex problems require adaptive thinking and holistic strategies. They often involve social, cultural, and emotional dimensions, making them resistant to simple solutions. To navigate this complexity, we must embrace systems thinking and acknowledge that solving one problem may reveal new challenges.

Emotional Comfort for Complex Problems

Emotional comfort with complexity is essential for effective problem-solving. Complex problems are often overwhelming because they challenge our desire for certainty, predictability, and control. When faced with ambiguity and uncertainty, many people experience anxiety, frustration, or even paralysis, leading them to avoid or oversimplify the problem. Lene Rachel Andersen argues that we need to develop emotional resilience and comfort to engage with complexity without fear.

Emotional comfort is not about eliminating discomfort but about learning to coexist with it. This requires cultivating a growth mindset that sees complexity as an opportunity for learning and innovation rather than as a threat. It also involves emotional intelligence, including self-awareness, emotional regulation, and empathy. By developing these emotional skills, individuals and teams can navigate complex problems with confidence and creativity.

Organizations can foster emotional comfort by creating safe spaces for experimentation and failure. In complex environments, not every solution will work, and setbacks are inevitable. By normalizing failure as a part of the learning process, organizations can encourage their teams to explore bold ideas without fear of criticism or blame. Leaders play a crucial role in modeling emotional resilience and supporting their teams in embracing complexity. One of Andersen’s most compelling arguments is the need for emotional comfort with complexity. Many people avoid complex problems because they induce anxiety and discomfort. This avoidance stems from a fear of uncertainty and a desire for control. To overcome this, we need emotional resilience and a mindset that accepts ambiguity as a natural part of problem-solving. Cultivating emotional comfort allows us to engage with complexity without being overwhelmed.

New Education: The Place of Bildung and Ego Development

Andersen advocates for a transformative approach to education, one that includes ‘Bildung’ — a German concept of self-cultivation and moral development. Traditional education systems focus on technical skills and standardized knowledge, but to solve complex problems, we need Bildung to develop emotional intelligence, ethical reasoning, and holistic thinking. This educational paradigm emphasizes personal growth, cultural awareness, and societal responsibility, enabling individuals to navigate complexity with confidence.

Philosophy as a Key to Understanding: Epistemology, Reasoning, Logic, and Ethics

Philosophy offers the tools to understand complex problems more deeply. Epistemology helps us question the nature of knowledge and how we come to understand the world. Logic and reasoning provide the frameworks to construct sound arguments and identify fallacies. Ethics guides us in making decisions that consider long-term consequences and societal impact. By integrating philosophical thinking into problem-solving, we gain a more comprehensive perspective.

How to Build Organizations That Understand

Organizations must evolve to address complex challenges effectively. This requires fostering a culture of continuous learning, emotional intelligence, and ethical leadership. Organizations should encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and create spaces where diverse perspectives can converge. Principal engineers and leaders play a crucial role in bridging knowledge gaps, ensuring that technical solutions align with user needs and organizational goals. Building such organizations involves not just strategic vision but also cultivating a shared understanding of complexity and interconnectedness.

Conclusion

We do not solve the problems we have; we solve the problems we understand. To understand complex problems, we need a deeper level of awareness, emotional resilience, and a philosophical approach to knowledge and ethics. By embracing complexity and evolving our educational systems, organizations, and personal mindsets, we can solve the right problems and create sustainable solutions for the future.